Precious Based on the Novel Push by Saphire Analysis

Jaclyn Butler 04/24/2012 Intracultural Communications Professor Brook Film Analysis on 2009’s â€Å"Precious† Analyzing a dynamic film like the 2009 â€Å"Precious† is difficult. The movie got a lot of praise for the acting and the story that was portrayed but it also got a lot of heat from the race that was portrayed in the movie. African Americans nationwide said the movie made their African American ghettos into a sexually incest ridden, classless society and didn’t properly show any of the positive attributes that come from the African American ghettos. In our course of Intra cultural communication we have studied through different topics, ones that I think are shown in the movie are culture, race, class, and sexuality. I am going to†¦show more content†¦Other reviews of the movie put the article in a positive light Latoya Peterson, the editor of Racialicious.com, a blog about the intersection of race and popular culture, said opposing views of the film are off base. â€Å"Those reviews buy into the narrative that there can only be one acceptable presentation of black life,† Ms. Peterson said. â€Å"They’re flattening the black experience, and in that way, he denies our humanity.†Ms. Peterson, who lives in the Washington area, said that she believed that â€Å"Precious† effectively tackled many issues affecting young girls: â€Å"sexual abuse, poverty, violence and failing schools.† Sexuality in the movie â€Å"precious† was one of the subjects I found the most disturbing. Sexuality is defined as â€Å"sexual character; possession of the structural and functional traits of sex, recognition of or emphasis upon sexual matters; involvement in sexual activity; an organism s preparedness for engaging in sexual activity.† There a number of ways in which sexual lines are crossed in the film. Clareece is raped by her father and eluded her mother as well. Her two children are the product of her father’s rape, and her sexual say in anything is taken away. She is doing these things for her parent s and telling no one. She is being raped and taken advantage of by both of her parents and the actress tells no one of this. This portrayal is extreme, I am sure situations arise in this case but seeing the movie and watching the aspects of

Bethoven´s Monnlight Sonata History - 569 Words

Beethoven’s first movement from his infamous Moonlight Sonata is most illustrious for its bittersweet melancholic sound. It is in the key of C# minor as it has four sharps in its key signature and sounds like it is in the minor tonality. Beethoven gives an indication to how the performer should interpret their role with the phrase adagio sostenuto which means to play at a slow tempo (66 beats per minute) and to effectively utilize the sustained pedal. Sempre e senza sordino means to the whole piece ought to be played with the utmost delicacy and without damper. From the interpretations of his instructions, it can be concluded that Beethoven wanted this movement to be interpreted with sensitivity and colour. The bass line is a prominent feature in texturizing the movement. The most distinctive characteristics in the bass line are its Neapolitan chords which are strategically placed amidst chords of double octaves. This prevents the movement sounding too much like a lullaby and adds more colour and tension. The movement starts out pianissimo and diverges between pianissimo and piano to maintain a soothing sound. Its luxurious ostinato triplet melody creates a lullaby-like feeling within the piece. However, the melancholic tone is instilled within the 3rd bar where the d natural within the triplet melody stands out. This adheres to the purpose of advancing the momentum of the piece as the lowered d provides variation in the triplet melody so it is not as repetitive. To

Impact of Advertising on Consumer Buyer Behaviour Free Essays

Introduction Advertising used properly is a major tool in the hands of marketing managers which helps enable them to sell products, services and ideas. The idea is to sell products to the consumers. This has been proved by the fact that companies are investing a lot of time and resources into developing ad campaigns for their products Advertising has gone through many phases. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Advertising on Consumer Buyer Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first era was production-oriented. Here mass production was seen as a means to selling products by pumping in huge volumes into the market place. As a result demand exceeded supply; hence there was no need to advertise products (Holt, D,1983). They sold themselves. However with the passing of time and due to rising competition, surplus goods were available. As a result of this companies were required to sell their products using a sales oriented mechanism. This typically involved pitching in their products, highlighting their USP’s, so as to convince customers to buy their products rather than their competitors. As a result products became de linked to the volumes in which they were being produce (Belk, Russell.1974). To better approach the problem of selling companies tried many techniques. These techniques combined with the support activities of marketing can be called as advertising. Advertising has been considered important since the time when trade started, then was the time for advertising by mouth, now we have different media platforms for the same purpose. But still the traditional word of mouth holds the best appeal in respect to all advertising platforms. In its initial phases advertising was limited in both time and space. Broadcast commercials are generally 10 to 60 seconds in length. Print ads are generally no larger than two pages, and often much smaller. Advertising therefore needed to do its job in an effective manner. Its primary tasks were to capture the consumer’s attention, identify itself as being aimed at meeting the needs of that consumer, identifying the product, and delivering the selling message. Elements of marketing Marketing generally consist of advertisements to the target audience. This is in the form of: 1. Copy This consists of words, either spoken or printed that carry a message thereby helping the reader to form an opinion about the subject. 2. Illustrations Copies can be augmented with the use of pictures, photographs or diagrams. The aim here is to convince the reader to buy the product. Most ads have a mixture of copy and illustration, in size and scope, depending upon how the advertiser wants to convey his sales message. It also depends upon the nature of advertising and the budget for advertising. How sales messages are presented through Advertisements There are two basic ways of presenting a sales message: intellectually and emotionally. An intellectual presentation depends on logical, rational argument so as to convince a consumer to buy the product or service. For example, for many television purchasers, buying doesn’t depend on what the case looks like or what effect the machine might have on their social life. What they’re looking for is technical information, what is its resolution, whether it has HDMI, whether it supports USB functionality. The most important part is that of the sales message. This message must encapsulate all the benefits, features of the product and capture all the unique benefits that a consumer might have if he purchases this product vise vie the competitors product. The second basic way to present a sales message is emotionally. In an emotional presentation, here there is a concentration on other aspects of the consumer’s bundle of values: social, psychological, economic. Here they are clubbed together with core â€Å"bundle of values†. For example, the presentation shows how the product or service enhances the audience’s social life by improving their snob value or self-esteem, or how it will increase their earning power. Behavioral targeting and the psychology of marketing Model for buying behavior: Sandhusen, Richard L.: Marketing (2000, S. 218) Decision making plays a huge role in the purchase behavior of consumers. Behavioral marketing can be used to target consumer segments based on the following parameters: 1. Individual factors These include intrinsic factors such as personality, lifestyle, age and income of the individual. 2. Group Influencers These include all those factors that inadvertently help an individual identify himself with a certain class or standing in the society. These could include peer groups, friends, family and culture. 3. Physical environment Factors such as geographical proximity, location climate etc, which vary from place to place. The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as how Consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives i.e. brands, products, and retailers. The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions. Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome. How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer Research on factors affecting Consumer Behavior Based on P. Kotler’s framework for consumer buying process The advent of technology has helped us in mapping the factors that influence consumer buying behavior. These can be grouped as: What brand in a given product category was bought during the last, or a series of past, purchase occasions Whether, and if so, how many times a consumer has seen an ad for the brand in question Whether the target brand is on sale during the store visit Whether any brand had preferential display space The impact of income and/or family size on purchase patterns Relationship marketing has come up in a big way in influencing consumer behavior. Relationship managers have come to symbolize the increasingly blurred line between marketing and selling by establishing a purchase-exchange process with a by providing a more holistic, personalized purchase, and uses the experience to create stronger ties (Young, Charles E,2002). Other major factor that contributes in consumer buying behavior is: Market segmentation A market segment is a sub-set of a market made up of people or organizations with one or more characteristics that cause them to demand similar product and/or services based on qualities of those products such as price or function. A true market segment meets all of the following criteria: it is distinct from other segments (different segments have different needs) (P. Kotler, 2003), it is homogeneous within the segment (exhibits common needs); it responds similarly to a market stimulus, and it can be reached by a market intervention. Models used for influencing Consumer Behavior Advertising models used for co relating consumer buying behavior and advertising use the following variables as part of their studies. Depending on the type of model used, these variables are assigned different weight ages, which are ultimately used to compute the final result. StageDependent variable of interestTypical model used for research Need ArousalPurchase (category choice) Purchase timingBinary choice modelsInformation Awareness (aided/ unaided) Consideration revoked set Choice set Belief dynamicsIndividual awareness models Consideration modelsEvaluationProduct perceptions Product preferencesPerceptual mapping/ multidimensional scaling model Attitude models: Compensatory Non-compensatoryPurchaseBrand choice Store choice Quantity choiceDiscrete choice models Hierarchical modelsPost PurchaseBrand satisfaction/satiation Word-of-mouthSatisfaction models Variety-seeking models Communications network From John H. Roberts and Gary L. Lilien: Explanatory and Predictive Models of Consumer Behavior The most common of the models listed above consist of the following: 1. Preference formulation basis Beliefs about products (perceptions) can be measured directly by asking consumers how much of a feature they perceive a certain product to contain, or they can be inferred, by asking consumers how similar certain products are and then inferring what discriminates between different products (Bass, Frank M, 1973). Here the strategy is to align the consumer preferences with that which is being offered by the company. 2. Compensatory/ Evaluation model In a compensatory model, the weakness of a brand or product on one dimension can be compensated for by strength on another, and those strengths or weaknesses are combined to determine an attitude toward the brand (Bhagat and Jagdish N. Sheth 1974). In non-compensatory models, usually only a small number of attributes (two or three. say) are wed to evaluate a brand, and shortcomings on one attribute cannot be overcome by favorable levels of another. Here products are complemented against one another so as to augments each other’s strengths and cancel out their weaknesses. 3. Model of awareness Once a consumer recognizes a need, he enters a state of heightened awareness in which he seeks more information about brands or products that could satisfy that need. Evaluation and brand choice take place based on the information resulting from this search. Here the main goal is to make the maximum number of target audience aware about the product and its offerings. 4. Satisfaction models The modeling of consumer satisfaction is based on the confirmation / disconfirmation paradigm. Confirmation occurs when the consumer’s perception of how the product performs after purchase matches the expectation the consumer had prior to purchase. Positive disconfirmation occurs when product performance exceeds expectations; negative expectations occur when the product falls below expectations (Stuart, Ewen, 2005). Here we try to find out if the product is fulfilling the need gap perceived by the customer and what is offered by the company in the form of its product offering. 5. Brand Attitudinal model The model proposed attempts to predict behavioral intention toward a particular brand within a product class across situations. The situational variables included consider the conditions necessary for a particular situation to affect the choice of a particular brand. The individual must first encounter the situation and then the product must be suitable for use in that particular situation. If these conditions are met, the likelihood of the individual using a particular brand in a situation can be assessed. Here emphasis is given to the consumer preference or non-preference of a certain brand, compared to its competitors 6. Innovation diffusion model Diffusion is the process by which a new idea or new product is accepted by the market. The rate of diffusion is the speed that the new idea spreads from one consumer to the next. Adoption is similar to diffusion except that it deals with the psychological processes an individual goes through, rather than an aggregate market process. In economics it is more often named â€Å"technological change† Conclusion In a field as vast and diffuse as that of consumer behavior and consumer markets, it is difficult to develop a single best synthesis. We have drawn from developments in the literature of the behavioral sciences, economics, marketing, statistics, and the like and have categorized according to the stage or stages in the decision process to which those developments appear most applicable. Previous models overlap these processes and stages but this integrating framework provides a useful way of organizing this large, diverse literature. Most of the models and theories postulated above have been able to identify many cognitive, intensive and psychological factors which eventually go into the buying process for any individual. These are such as Purchase Awareness, Belief dynamics, Product perceptions, Product preferences, Brand choice, Store choice and Quantity choice. The future of consumer behavior modeling is bright; newer models are richer, more flexible, and more closely attuned to modern data sources. Yet many phenomena are poorly model at the moment. Many modern areas such as modeling consumer purchase heuristics, modeling consumers psychological processes, matching models to market segment, and modeling preferences can serve as fruitful areas that deserve intensive attention in the future. And so we can say with far more probability and accuracy that advertising do affect consumer behavior and also helps us to register our brand in their subconscious or conscious minds thereby helping the organization boost sales. References Bass, Frank M. â€Å"The Theory of Stochastic Preference and Brand Switching,† Journal of Marketing Research, 11 (February 1974), 1-20. Belk, Russell W. â€Å"An Exploratory Assessment of Situational Effects in E, Behavior,† Journal of Marketing Research, 11 (May 1974), 156-163. Belk, Russell W. â€Å"The Objective Situation as a Determinant of Consumer Behavior,† Proceedings. Fifth Annual Conference, Association of Consumer Research, Chicago, 1974, forthcoming. Bhagat, Rabi S., P.S. Raju, and Jagdish N. Sheth (1974), â€Å"The Prediction of Buying Intentions: A Comparative Study of the Predictive Efficacy â€Å"Attitudinal Models,† New Orleans, Louisiana. Clark, Eric, â€Å"The Want Makers†, Viking, 1988 Young, Charles E., The Advertising Handbook, Ideas in Flight, Seattle, WA April 2005 Holt, D. (2002) â€Å"Why Brands Cause TroubleA dialectical theory of Consumer Culture and Branding† in Journal of Consumer Research, June 2002 Lees, Loretta, (1998) â€Å"Urban Renaissance and the Street† in Nicholas R. Stuart, Ewen., (2005) Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture, Basic Books Williamson, Judith (1994): Decoding Advertisements (Ideas in Progress), Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd Wernick, Andrew (1991) â€Å"Promotional Culture: Advertising, Ideology and Symbolic Expression Klein, Naomi. (2000) No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. New York: Picador Duane C. S. and Nerone, John C, (2007) Freedom from Advertising Cook, Guy (2001 2nd edition) â€Å"The Discourse of Advertising†, London: Routledge Graydon, Shari (2003) â€Å"Made You Look – How Advertising Works and Why You Should Know†, Toronto: Annick Press How to cite Impact of Advertising on Consumer Buyer Behaviour, Essay examples

The Emissions Reduction Fund for Economic Record- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEmissions Reduction Fund for Economic Record. Answer: The emissions reduction fund is an environmental policy which provides incentives for the reduction of activities that contribute to emissions across Australia. The fund provides credit, purchasing and protects the economy against the emissions by facilitating reduction. The fund provides a framework by which projects that aim to reduce carbon emissions get carbon credits. The activities considered include improvement of energy efficiency, capturing methane, fuel switching and storage of carbon. These methods highlight the rules for partaking in the project and the framework to facilitate reduction of emissions and that the credits are valid. The Australian government was able to allocate $2.55 billion in order to buy carbon credits using the reverse auction process. In this way, the fund has been able to contract 189 million tonnes of reduction in emissions using 5 auctions priced at 11.83 dollars per tonne. Eventually, the credits are sold to private purchasers. This abatement aims to capture the interest of businessmen in the participation of climate change policies that aim to improve the state of the environment in Australia (Clarke and Waschik, 2014). Budgetary allocations Source: https://www.environment.gov.au The government aims to purchase the Australian Carbon credit units during a reverse auction process or through tenders. The government must therefore acquire 421 million ACCUs by the year 2020 in order for it to reach its goals. All businesses operating in the Australian economy are eligible to participate in the fund if they organize certain projects. The following projects are eligible. Projects Expected emissions reductions Energy Efficiency 4.6 tonnes Protecting native forests/ planting trees 122 tonnes Managing bushfires 13.8 tonnes Using dietary supplements to reduce emissions from cattle 17.7 tonnes Reducing fugitive emissions 5.3 tonnes Reducing emissions from air, land and sea transport 1.2 tonnes Reducing amount of waste from landfills 24.3 tonnes Source: https://www.environment.gov.au The policy includes initiatives that will help in the achievement of the set targets such as the National Energy Productivity plan, improved efficiency of vehicles, the phasing out of hydrofluorocarbons that are in use in air conditioners and refrigerators as well as the development of a strategy that aims to increase the level of utilization of solar power and the development of a low emissions technology road map. Businesses are therefore encouraged to participate in the Emissions Reduction fund since it aims to protect the environment for future generations. It is cognizant of the fact that a healthy economy is one which has a healthy environment. The expected benefits from the project include: Reduced level of emissions Increased number of tree plantings High levels of recycling Clean up of power station Reduction in forest fires Preservation of natural forests Technology is at the forefront of this policy since it requires that industrial firms develop or use technologies which will allow them to have control over the level of emissions that their processes generate. It is therefore important that the developers of their machines take note and act accordingly. It is expected that with the policy the government will acquire the support of the business community in the management of environmental issues that will bring forth positive results (Adams and Verikios, 2014). References Adams, P.D., Parmenter, B.R. and Verikios, G., 2014. An emissions trading scheme for Australia: national and regional impacts.Economic Record,90(290), pp.316-344. Clarke, H., Fraser, I. and Waschik, R.G., 2014. How much abatement will Australia's emissions reduction fund buy?.Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy,33(4), pp.315-326.